Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva (1508-1582), Spanish general and statesman. Artist: Unknown

Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva (1508-1582), Spanish general and statesman. Artist: Unknown

1-152-181 - Ann Ronan Picture Library/Heritage-Images

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Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva (1508-1582), Spanish general and statesman. As governor of the Netherlands from 1567-1573, he enforced brutal anti-Protestant rule, executing some 18,000 people as heretics. This Dutch engraving shows Alva embracing the figure of Babylon, intended to represent the corruption of the Papacy.

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